skin-concerns
What Causes Skin Cancer?
Last reviewed: May 2026 · Haute MD Editorial Team
UV radiation — both from sunlight and tanning beds — is the primary cause of the three most common skin cancers: basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma. UV radiation damages DNA in skin cells, and cumulative damage over years leads to mutations that drive cancer development. Additional risk factors include fair skin and light hair/eyes, personal or family history of skin cancer, immunosuppression, and certain genetic syndromes. Skin cancer is highly preventable and, when detected early, highly treatable.
The three types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common cancer in the United States — a slow-growing cancer arising from basal cells in the deepest layer of the epidermis. It rarely metastasizes but causes significant local tissue destruction if left untreated. Squamous cell carcinoma arises from squamous cells and is more likely to metastasize than BCC, though still at low rates for localized disease. Melanoma arises from melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) and is the most dangerous skin cancer — responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths despite representing a minority of cases.
UV exposure and skin cancer risk
Cumulative lifetime UV exposure drives BCC and SCC risk. Intermittent intense UV exposure (sunburns) is more strongly associated with melanoma than cumulative exposure. Tanning beds — which emit UVA and UVB radiation — increase melanoma risk by 75% when first used before age 35. There is no such thing as a "safe tan" — any darkening of the skin represents UV-induced DNA damage and a protective response to injury.
Sun protection — what actually works
Broad-spectrum SPF 30+ sunscreen applied to all exposed skin daily (not just on sunny days) is the most evidence-based intervention for reducing skin cancer risk. Reapplication every 2 hours during outdoor activity is essential — a single morning application does not provide all-day protection. Protective clothing, hats, and shade are more effective than sunscreen alone for prolonged outdoor exposure. Annual full-body skin checks by a dermatologist detect early skin cancers when they are most treatable.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does skin cancer look like?
Basal cell carcinoma often looks like a pearly or translucent bump, a pink growth, or a sore that doesn't heal. Squamous cell carcinoma often appears as a firm, red nodule or a flat lesion with a scaly, crusted surface. Melanoma follows the ABCDE rule — Asymmetry, irregular Border, multiple Colors, Diameter larger than 6mm, and Evolution (any changing lesion). Any changing skin lesion warrants prompt dermatology evaluation.
Who should get annual skin cancer screenings?
Annual full-body skin checks are recommended for everyone, but particularly people with fair skin, light eyes or hair, personal or family history of skin cancer, history of significant sun exposure or tanning bed use, many moles (50+) or atypical moles, and immunosuppressed individuals.
Is sunscreen safe to use daily?
Yes. The vast majority of dermatologists and regulatory agencies worldwide consider daily broad-spectrum sunscreen safe for adults. Mineral sunscreens (zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) are the most photostable and best tolerated by sensitive skin. Chemical sunscreen ingredients are absorbed into the bloodstream in small amounts — current evidence does not support concern about health risk at typical use levels.
Can skin cancer occur in areas not exposed to the sun?
Yes. Melanoma can occur on the soles of the feet, palms, under nails (acral lentiginous melanoma), and on mucous membranes — areas with minimal or no sun exposure. This underscores the importance of full-body skin examination including between toes, under nails, and on the scalp.
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Dermatology · Atlanta, Georgia, GA
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Dermatology · Bryn Mawr, PA
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