cosmetic-dentistry
What Is Gum Disease?
Last reviewed: May 2026 · Haute MD Editorial Team
Gum disease (periodontal disease) is a bacterial infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth — the gums, periodontal ligament, and jawbone. It begins with gingivitis (gum inflammation from plaque accumulation) and can progress to periodontitis (destruction of the bone and tissue supporting teeth). It is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults and is associated with systemic health effects including cardiovascular disease, diabetes complications, and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Stages of gum disease
Gingivitis: the mildest form — gum redness, swelling, and bleeding with brushing. Entirely reversible with professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene. Early periodontitis: bacterial infection spreads below the gum line, beginning to destroy supporting bone. Moderate periodontitis: progressive bone loss, gum recession, pocket deepening. Advanced periodontitis: severe bone loss, tooth mobility, tooth loss.
Risk factors
Poor oral hygiene (most significant). Smoking (dramatically increases risk and reduces response to treatment). Genetics. Diabetes. Certain medications (calcium channel blockers, phenytoin). Hormonal changes (pregnancy, menopause).
Treatment
Gingivitis: professional cleaning (scaling) and improved home care. Early to moderate periodontitis: scaling and root planing (deep cleaning below the gum line). Advanced periodontitis: periodontal surgery, bone grafting, and in severe cases, tooth extraction and replacement.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can gum disease be reversed?
Gingivitis is completely reversible with professional cleaning and improved oral hygiene. Periodontitis causes irreversible bone loss — treatment stops progression but cannot restore lost bone (though bone grafting can regenerate some lost bone).
What does gum disease look like?
Signs include red, swollen, or tender gums; bleeding when brushing or flossing; persistent bad breath; receding gums; loose teeth; and changes in bite.
Does gum disease affect overall health?
Yes. Research strongly associates periodontal disease with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, preterm birth, respiratory disease, and Alzheimer's disease. The bacteria and inflammation from gum disease enter the bloodstream, contributing to systemic inflammation.
How often should I see a dentist if I have gum disease?
Active periodontal disease typically requires treatment every 3-4 months rather than the standard 6-month interval, until the condition is stabilized.
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Cosmetic Dentistry · Beverly Hills, CA
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